{"id":5734,"date":"2014-06-22T22:09:41","date_gmt":"2014-06-22T22:09:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/foodispower.electricembers.net\/?page_id=1292"},"modified":"2025-05-15T15:00:18","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T22:00:18","slug":"peeling-back-the-truth-on-bananas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/es\/our-food-choices\/peeling-back-the-truth-on-bananas\/","title":{"rendered":"A descascarar la verdad sobre los bananos"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5734\" class=\"elementor elementor-5734\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6c6c293b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6c6c293b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5062fa6d\" data-id=\"5062fa6d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2dd993 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e2dd993\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img data-src=\"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/1200x475-Bananas-1024x405.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/1200x475-Bananas-1024x405.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/1200x475-Bananas-300x119.jpg 300w, https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/1200x475-Bananas-768x304.jpg 768w, https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/1200x475-Bananas.jpg 1200w\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"405\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-10501 lazyload\" alt=\"Pablo Mera, Worker, Harvesting bananas at the plantation of Vincente Matute, a member of El Guabo, a fair trade banana cooperative of Ecuador. \u00a9 Eric St-Pierre\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><noscript><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/1200x475-Bananas-1024x405.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-10501\" alt=\"Pablo Mera, Worker, Harvesting bananas at the plantation of Vincente Matute, a member of El Guabo, a fair trade banana cooperative of Ecuador. \u00a9 Eric St-Pierre\" srcset=\"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/1200x475-Bananas-1024x405.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/1200x475-Bananas-300x119.jpg 300w, https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/1200x475-Bananas-768x304.jpg 768w, https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/1200x475-Bananas.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Pablo Mera, Worker, Harvesting bananas at the plantation of Vincente Matute, a member of El Guabo, a fair trade banana cooperative of Ecuador. \u00a9 Eric St-Pierre<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bb26dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3bb26dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Peeling Back the Truth on Bananas<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75ead1fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75ead1fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bananas are the most popular fruit in the world, with more than 100 billion consumed annually.<sup>[1]<\/sup>\u00a0Bananas have been sold in North America since the late 1800s, although the popular variety at that time is not the one we enjoy today.<sup>[2]<\/sup>\u00a0In 1890, a disease spread throughout banana-growing regions of Latin America and the Caribbean and destroyed many banana farms. Research began in the early 1900s to develop a disease-resistant banana, which led to the introduction of the Cavendish banana\u2014the kind we find in the produce department of grocery stores today.<sup>[3]<\/sup><\/p><figure id=\"attachment_1295\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1295\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Bananas-Equal-Exchange-male.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Bananas-Equal-Exchange-male-300x199.jpg\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1295 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"Courtesy of Equal Exchange\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" \/><noscript><img data-src=\"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Bananas-Equal-Exchange-male-300x199.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1295 lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"Courtesy of Equal Exchange\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1295\" src=\"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Bananas-Equal-Exchange-male-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"Courtesy of Equal Exchange\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\"><\/noscript><\/noscript><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1295\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy of Equal Exchange<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Like many agricultural commodities, however, this seemingly wholesome food has a dark history. The production of bananas for export was part and parcel of 19<sup>th<\/sup>&#8211; and 20<sup>th<\/sup>-century U.S. and European colonialism, advertised as bringing \u201cmodernity\u201d to tropical regions and making use of \u201cuseless\u201d jungle.<sup>[3]<\/sup>\u00a0In the years since, sky-high North American and European demand for bananas has made them\u2014like\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/coffee\/\">coffee<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/slavery-chocolate\/\">chocolate<\/a>, and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/ethical_food_choices#palm-oil\">palm oil<\/a>\u2014an unsustainable monoculture crop, and the industry is embroiled in countless labor and environmental crises.<\/p><p>Bananas are often grown on large plantations, with workers living on site. In Central America, these are owned and operated by large multinational corporations that also manage the fruit\u2019s preparation for the consumers as well as its distribution.<sup>[2]<\/sup>\u00a0These plantations, often developed on land obtained by corporations at an unusually low cost, \u201care effectively run as enclave economies.\u201d<sup>[2]<\/sup>\u00a0This kind of structure\u2014in which non-local, export-based industries control regional production\u2014is rife with human rights abuses, which have been and continue to be widespread in the banana industry. In 2011\u20132012 alone, seven Guatemalan banana union members were murdered.<sup>[4] \u00a0<\/sup>Many of the countries that are the primary exporters of bananas\u2014such as Ecuador, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and others.<sup>[23]<\/sup>\u2014have poor records on the enforcement of labor laws, whether from lack of resources or political will.<sup>[5][24]<\/sup><\/p><p>Additionally, increases in profits for banana-producing companies are not reflected in the wages of plantation workers, who are estimated to receive a mere one to three percent of a banana\u2019s retail value.<sup>[2]<\/sup>\u00a0In many areas, an abundance of desperately poor migrant workers makes jobs in the banana industry very insecure.<sup>[5]<\/sup>\u00a0Some employers continuously rehire employees on short-term contracts rather than grant them permanent employment, which allows them to avoid paying for otherwise legally-mandated benefits and prevents these employees from organizing and collectively bargaining for better working conditions and benefits.<sup>[11][25]<\/sup>\u00a0Hiring workers by way of a string of short-term contracts also makes it possible to dismiss them without breaking laws that forbid summary or anti-union layoffs\u2014like temporary workers in other sectors, they are not technically fired; rather, their contracts are simply not renewed. In a drastic example of the wrongs perpetuated against banana plantation workers, both Del Monte and Dole have \u201creleased\u201d thousands of employees, only to rehire them with new contracts\u2014featuring reduced benefits, longer work hours, and dramatic pay reductions of 30 to 40 percent.<sup>[11][13]<\/sup><\/p><p>Time and time again, worker attempts to unionize have been repressed, sometimes using physical violence.<sup>[5] [8]<\/sup>\u00a0In the Philippines, workers on supply plantations for Dole-Stanfilco reported being harassed, intimidated, and held at gunpoint by the military because of their union activities.<sup>[9]<\/sup><\/p><p>Workers are also rarely paid overtime,<sup>[5] <\/sup>and wages, even in those cases where they are in accordance with the legal minimum in the region, are not sufficient to cover the cost of basic needs. \u201cAt one Chiquita-owned plantation in particular, Finca Santa Rita, workers have suffered wage theft, anti-union retaliation, grueling labor conditions, and \u2018have struggled for years to resolve conflicts with management and gain secure recognition of their membership,\u2019 reports ILRF\u2019s US Labor Education in the Americas Project (USLEAP).\u201d<sup> [10]<\/sup><\/p><p>Banana producers and distributors Dole, Del Monte, and Chiquita have not fully taken responsibility for the conditions on plantations from which they source their product; however, in 2007, Chiquita pleaded guilty to making payments from 1997\u20132004 to the paramilitary group United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (known as AUC in Spanish). They were made to pay US$25 million in fines. Chiquita stated that they were victims of extortion and \u201cblackmailed into making the payments or risking violence against its workers.\u201d<sup>[6] <\/sup>In 2011, family members of thousands of Colombians who were murdered or who disappeared sued Chiquita for payments to these paramilitary groups.<sup>[7] \u00a0<\/sup>This case continues to go through the courts and is still pending, along with additional lawsuits against Chiquita<sup>[32]<\/sup>, although in February of 2018 they settled one of these lawsuits with family members of five missionaries and a geologist killed by FARC, a Colombian rebel group that Chiquita had been making payments to during Colombia\u2019s civil war.<sup>[33]<\/sup><\/p><h2><strong>Child labor<\/strong><\/h2><p>As Juan Forero notes in\u00a0<em>The New York Times<\/em>, \u201che existence of child labor on plantations is a product of simple arithmetic. Workers receive so little in part because the wholesalers and retailers abroad reap most of the profits, particularly with the recent consolidation of huge retail outlets like Wal-Mart, Costco and Carrefour. The monthly minimum  earn falls short of the $220 the government says a poor family of four needs to meet basic needs, so children go to work.\u201d<sup>[8]<\/sup><\/p><p>In the Philippines, child labor exploitation continues to worsen and has been documented on banana plantations,<sup>[12] <\/sup>and in a 2002 Human Rights Watch report on the banana industry, they found widespread child labor on plantations in Ecuador, the center of Dole\u2019s production and trade.<sup>[14]<\/sup>\u00a0Those Ecuadorian children who were interviewed worked 12-hour days, on average, and completed many dangerous and physically demanding tasks. These children, some as young as eight, wielded sharp tools, pulled loads of bananas from place to place on the plantation, and lacked adequate access to drinking water and bathrooms. Well below half were attending school, and yet all they earned for this sacrifice was a little more than half the legal minimum wage. Additionally, three young girls reported being sexually harassed.<sup> [14]<\/sup>\u00a0According to a U.S. Department of Labor report from 2016, Ecuador remains one of the countries where child labor can be found on banana plantations.<sup>[26]<\/sup><\/p><p>Child laborers are also regularly exposed to agrochemicals, usually without protective equipment\u2014handling the pesticide-coated sheets of plastic that cover bananas still on the stalk, applying fungicides before shipping, or even working while pesticides are sprayed aerially over the plantation. Shortly after being exposed to these chemicals, they experienced a long list of negative reactions \u201cincluding headaches, fever, dizziness, red eyes, stomach aches, nausea, vomiting, trembling and shaking, itching, burning nostrils, fatigue, and aching bones.\u201d<sup>[14]<\/sup>\u00a0It can be presumed that these working conditions have long-term, unfavorable health effects.<\/p><h2><strong>Global trade and impact on women farmers<\/strong><\/h2><p>Back in 1993, the European Union imposed a 25 percent tariff on Central American bananas, which better enabled African and Caribbean farmers to compete with U.S. multinational corporations.<sup>[28][29]<\/sup>\u00a0The World Trade Organization determined that the tariff was illegal, and when it was discontinued in 2009, it obviously affected already-struggling banana farmers outside of Central America.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_1296\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1296\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Bananas-Equal-Exchange-female.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Bananas-Equal-Exchange-female-300x204.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-1296 size-medium lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\" \/><noscript><img data-src=\"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Bananas-Equal-Exchange-female-300x204.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1296 size-medium lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1296 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/foodispower.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Bananas-Equal-Exchange-female-300x204.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\"><\/noscript><\/noscript><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1296\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy of Equal Exchange<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>In the Windward Islands of the West Indies, this has had a disproportionate impact on women, who make up the majority of banana farmers there. The decline in the price of bananas in the region over the past decade, and a corresponding reduction in banana cultivation, has already increased poverty and unemployment and worsened living conditions among rural women. Single women head almost 40 percent of Caribbean households, meaning that for many banana farmers, there is no second income to buffer the effects of the banana industry\u2019s decline.<sup>[16]<\/sup>\u00a0In banana plantations throughout the world, women are often employed in contingent and unskilled positions in which their salaries are not always commensurate with those of male laborers and where a lack of access to on-site child care, combined with their traditional role as food providers for their families, puts full-time employment out of reach.<sup>[27]<\/sup><\/p><h2><strong>Environmental impacts: Clear-cutting and chemical use<\/strong><\/h2><p>The process of producing bananas to feed worldwide demand has been, and continues to be, environmentally destructive. In the late 1800s, entrepreneurs from Britain and the United States, using morally dubious means, obtained vast areas of largely unpopulated but rich and biodiverse coastal rainforest.<sup>[2]<\/sup>\u00a0From this time forward, banana cultivation has involved clear-cutting tracts of primary rainforest in favor of banana monoculture. These plantations are abandoned, and the process repeated, once factors such as soil depletion or pest infestation begin to lower yields.<sup>[2]<\/sup><\/p><p>Vast quantities of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and synthetic fertilizers are required to maintain a banana monoculture. \u201cMost plantation owners will spend more money on agrochemicals than on paying their workers.\u201d<sup>[15] <\/sup>These are usually applied by aerial application or crop dusting\u2014spraying agrochemicals from an aircraft. It is estimated that only 15% of these agrochemicals actually land on the crop, while the other 85% lands on the workers, their homes, and their food.<sup>[15] <\/sup>This process poses a threat to workers, who may lack proper safety equipment, and the surrounding environment.<\/p><p>The agrochemicals used in banana cultivation can damage the rainforests that border plantations. A study of spectacled caimans living near plantations in Costa Rica found traces of pesticides in their blood\u2014several of which, like DDT, have not been used in the region for years.<sup>[17]<\/sup>\u00a0This is just one of the ways in which aggressive farming practices can have a far-reaching and difficult-to-reverse impact on the environment. Since these alligator-like reptiles are at the top of the food chain in their ecosystem, the pesticide build-up in their bodies also reflects the persistence of these chemicals throughout other trophic levels. While the spectacled caimans in Costa Rica are not immediately threatened by the level of pesticides found in their blood, the study also found that living near plantations, as opposed to living in the remote and relatively uncontaminated areas also surveyed, had a negative impact on the caimans\u2019 health.<sup>[17]<\/sup><\/p><p>One of the agrochemicals commonly used in banana cultivation, dibromochloropropane (DBCP), was classified by the EPA as a probable human carcinogen<sup>[13]<\/sup>\u00a0and has been banned in the U.S. since 1979;<sup>[19]\u00a0<\/sup>however, it continues to be used extensively in Latin America. Numerous lawsuits have been brought against banana giants Dole and Del Monte over the use of DBCP, with workers claiming to have suffered serious health effects. They also claim they weren\u2019t given protective equipment or even made aware of the potential risks of exposure.<sup>[19]<\/sup><\/p><h2><strong>Impacts on water resources and animal life<\/strong><\/h2><p>Bananas also account for a huge amount of water use and contamination. Since they require a constant level of moisture\u2014neither too much nor too little\u2014banana fields are interlaced with channels for irrigation and drainage, vastly increasing soil erosion.<sup>[2]<\/sup>\u00a0As a result, agrochemicals and silt are delivered into adjacent waterways.<\/p><p>In the Caribbean, where plantations are located along the coasts, this kind of runoff has caused considerable damage to estuaries and coral reefs.<sup>[30]<\/sup> Furthermore, a large portion of the bananas produced\u2014sometimes up to a third\u2014are deemed unfit for sale, mostly for aesthetic reasons, and the total volume of plant waste, including stalks and stems, produced in banana harvesting is estimated to be about the same as the volume of fruit that actually gets shipped.<sup>[2]<\/sup>\u00a0This waste is sometimes disposed of in nearby streams, and as it decomposes, it depletes the water of oxygen, threatening fish and microorganisms.<sup>[31]<\/sup><\/p><p>The many detrimental effects of these large banana plantations on workers and the environment are typically overlooked by the corporations fixated on making a profit, while marketing this fruit as healthy and wholesome. This is not surprising when you consider the marketing strategies that were used decades ago.<\/p><h2><strong>A history of colonialism, racism, and sexism<\/strong><\/h2><p>Companies have long used racist and colonialist stereotypes to market bananas in the United States. Chiquita, the number-one banana distributor in the U.S., is a prime example.<\/p><p>The original iteration of the logo was a sexy female banana, perpetuating a widespread association between images of women and food that paints the former as passive and consumable. The character was first introduced to U.S. consumers in the 1940s by way of a blatantly racist short,\u00a0<em>Chiquita Banana and the Cannibals<\/em>\u00a0(which can be viewed at\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=s5YNlCxo43E\">http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=s5YNlCxo43E<\/a>). In the animated film, a cartoonish stereotype of an indigenous African man is shown cooking an Englishman over a fire. Chiquita Banana interrupts, singing: \u201cf you\u2019d like to be refined and civilized, then your eating habits really ought to be revised,\u201d to the tune of the company\u2019s famous jingle, and suggesting a recipe for banana scallops as an alternative. Incredibly, the Chiquita company website nostalgically presents an image from one of these early ads while completely erasing its racism\u2014the accompanying text states that \u201c\u2026Miss Chiquita put a personal face on the Chiquita Bananas. She showcased a festive and fun personality as the resident expert for everything you ever wanted to know about bananas.\u201d<sup>[20]<\/sup><\/p><p>Whether portrayed as a banana-woman in the original logo, or a human woman in the modern logo, Chiquita Banana presents sexualized and exoticized visions of Latin American women, and perpetuates stereotypical images of Latin America and the people who live there. Like Aunt Jemima and Uncle Ben, Chiquita\u2019s logo is another way in which non-white bodies have been objectified and exploited.<\/p><p>Chiquita Banana personifies a colonialist idea of the tropics as a place of simplicity and abundance, and her characterization as fun and carefree is particularly insulting considering the realities of banana production, which are anything but. Purchasing from brands like Chiquita tells companies that they can get away with exploiting harmful stereotypes for financial gain.<\/p><h2><strong>Recommendations<\/strong><\/h2><p>Food Empowerment Project strives to inform people about where their food comes from so they can make the most ethical choices possible. And, we admit, bananas are tough. For many, it is a reasonably priced fruit that contains many beneficial nutrients, but buying conventional bananas contributes to both environmental and human rights abuses.<\/p><p>Organic bananas may mean workers are not exposed to horrific chemicals, but they do not typically improve wages or other working conditions for those laboring on the plantations. And, unfortunately, it seems there are some issues with fair trade and third-party certifications, as well.<sup>[21]<\/sup>\u00a0For instance, some prominent certification systems consider workers\u2019 rights to be \u201cvoluntary elements\u201d on the part of the company, not basic standards that need to be upheld.<sup>[22]<\/sup><\/p><p>We recommend you purchase bananas from:\u00a0Equal Exchange<\/p><p>Unfortunately, bananas that we feel comfortable recommending (those from small, farmer-owned cooperatives) are not available all over the U.S.<\/p><p>Because of this we are also recommending the following:<\/p><p>Coliman<br \/>Earth University<br \/>Organics Unlimited\/GROW<\/p><p>If your grocery stores do not carry these brands of bananas, we encourage you to ask them to.<\/p><p><\/p><div id=\"references\">\u00a0<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ec6bb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"9ec6bb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\nwindow.footnoteTexts = {\n  1: '\u201cThe Surprising Science Behind the World\u2019s Most Popular Fruit.\u201d National Geographic. (October 24, 2017). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/urban-expeditions\/food\/food-journeys-graphic\/ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/urban-expeditions\/food\/food-journeys-graphic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  2: 'McSweeney, K. (2007). Bananas. In P. Robbins (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Environment and Society. (pp. 100-101). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.',\n  3: 'Soluri, J. (2002). \u201cAccounting for Taste: Export Bananas, Mass Markets, and Panama Disease.\u201d Environmental History, Vol. 7 No 3, pp. 386-410',\n  4: 'Luxner, L. \u201cGuatemalan banana bosses deny they\u2019re exploiting campesinos.\u201d The Tico Times, April 22, 2014. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ticotimes.net\/2014\/04\/22\/guatemalan-banana-bosses-deny-theyre-exploiting-campesinos <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ticotimes.net\/2014\/04\/22\/guatemalan-banana-bosses-deny-theyre-exploiting-campesinos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  5: 'Smith, Rachel and Sustainable Food Trust. \u201cHow green are your bananas?\u201d The Ecologist, August 10, 2015. Retrieved from https:\/\/theecologist.org\/2015\/aug\/10\/how-green-are-your-bananas <a href=\"https:\/\/theecologist.org\/2015\/aug\/10\/how-green-are-your-bananas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  6: 'Hurley, L. \u201cU.S. top court rejects Colombian Chiquita human rights suit.\u201d Reuters, April 20, 2015. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-court-rights\/u-s-top-court-rejects-colombian-chiquita-human-rights-suit-idUSKBN0NB1I520150420 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-court-rights\/u-s-top-court-rejects-colombian-chiquita-human-rights-suit-idUSKBN0NB1I520150420\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  7: '\u201cColombians sue Chiquita over paramilitary payments.\u201d CNN, June 1, 2011. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2011\/WORLD\/americas\/05\/31\/colombia.chiquita.lawsuits\/index.html <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2011\/WORLD\/americas\/05\/31\/colombia.chiquita.lawsuits\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  8: 'Forero, J. \u201cIn Ecuador\u2019s Banana Fields, Child Labor is Key to Profits.\u201d The New York Times, July 13, 2002. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2002\/07\/13\/world\/in-ecuador-s-banana-fields-child-labor-is-key-to-profits.html <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2002\/07\/13\/world\/in-ecuador-s-banana-fields-child-labor-is-key-to-profits.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  9: '\u201cAre Dole Bananas Really the \u201cEthical Choice?\u201d Oxfam New Zealand, May 27, 2013. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.oxfam.org.nz\/news\/are-dole-bananas-really-ethical-choice <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxfam.org.nz\/news\/are-dole-bananas-really-ethical-choice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  10: 'Chen, M. \u201cMore Than 30 Trade Unionists Have Been Killed in Honduras Since 2009.\u201d The Nation, November 30, 2015. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/more-than-30-trade-unionists-have-been-killed-in-honduras-since-2009\/ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/more-than-30-trade-unionists-have-been-killed-in-honduras-since-2009\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  11: 'Frundt, H. J. <em>Fair Bananas! Farmers, Workers, and Consumers Strive to Change an Industry.<\/em> University of Arizona Press: Tucson, AZ. (2009)',\n  12: 'Palatino, M. \u201cRising Child Labor Abuse in the Philippines.\u201d The Diplomat, February 17, 2015. Retrieved from https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2015\/02\/rising-child-labor-abuse-in-the-philippines\/ <a href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2015\/02\/rising-child-labor-abuse-in-the-philippines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  13: 'Bounds, A. \u201cBanana Wars.\u201d <em>Latin Trade<\/em> (2011). 9.6: 40.',\n  14: '\u201cTainted Harvest: Child Labor and Obstacles to Organizing on Ecuador\u2019s Banana Plantations.\u201d Human Rights Watch. (2002). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.hrw.org\/reports\/2002\/ecuador\/2002ecuador.pdf <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hrw.org\/reports\/2002\/ecuador\/2002ecuador.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  15: '\u201cMonoculture and high input production.\u201d Banana Link. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191125070013\/http:\/\/www.bananalink.org.uk:80\/environmental-problems <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191125070013\/http:\/\/www.bananalink.org.uk:80\/environmental-problems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  16: '\u201cAgriculture, trade negotiations and gender.\u201d Food and Agriculture Organization. (2006). Rome. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/009\/a0493e\/a0493e00.htm <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/009\/a0493e\/a0493e00.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  17: 'Chatterjee, R. \u201cGlobal love of bananas may be hurting Costa Rica\u2019s crocodiles.\u201d GPB News, September 24, 2013. Retrieved from https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131005062649\/http:\/\/www.gpb.org:80\/news\/2013\/09\/25\/global-love-of-bananas-may-be-hurting-costa-ricas-crocodiles <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131005062649\/http:\/\/www.gpb.org:80\/news\/2013\/09\/25\/global-love-of-bananas-may-be-hurting-costa-ricas-crocodiles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  18: 'DBCP Hazard Summary. Environmental Protection Agency. (2000). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/production\/files\/2016-09\/documents\/1-2-dibromo-3-chloropropane.pdf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/production\/files\/2016-09\/documents\/1-2-dibromo-3-chloropropane.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  19: 'Milford, P. \u201cDole, Del Monte, Dow Chemical sued over banana pesticide.\u201d Bloomberg News, June 4, 2012. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/2012-06-04\/dole-del-monte-dow-chemical-sued-over-banana-pesticide.html <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/2012-06-04\/dole-del-monte-dow-chemical-sued-over-banana-pesticide.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  20: '\u201cOur values.\u201d Chiquita. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.chiquita.com\/our-company\/our-story\/miss-chiquita <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chiquita.com\/our-company\/our-story\/miss-chiquita\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  21: 'Levitt, Tom. \u201cHow Fairtrade bananas are failing migrant workers.\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, May 28, 2012. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2012\/may\/28\/fair-trade-food <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2012\/may\/28\/fair-trade-food\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  22: '\u201cBehind the Rainforest Alliance Stamp.\u201d USLEAP: Newsletter of the U.S. Labor Education in the Americas Project. International Labor Rights Forum. (Fall 2013). Retrieved from http:\/\/laborrights.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/USLEAP_Newsletter_Fall2013.pdf <a href=\"http:\/\/laborrights.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/USLEAP_Newsletter_Fall2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  23: '\u201cBananas.\u201d Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). (2016). Retrieved from https:\/\/atlas.media.mit.edu\/en\/profile\/hs92\/0803\/ <a href=\"https:\/\/atlas.media.mit.edu\/en\/profile\/hs92\/0803\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  24: '\u201cLow wages and union violence tarnish Guatemala\u2019s banana trade.\u201d Fresh Fruit Portal, May 2, 2014. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.freshfruitportal.com\/news\/2014\/05\/02\/low-wages-and-union-violence-tarnish-guatemalas-banana-trade\/ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.freshfruitportal.com\/news\/2014\/05\/02\/low-wages-and-union-violence-tarnish-guatemalas-banana-trade\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  25: '\u201cDiagnosis on the labour rights situation in the global banana industry...\u201d World Banana Forum. FAO. February 2012. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fileadmin\/templates\/banana\/documents\/WGs_outputs\/WG03_FoA_CB_en.pdf <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fileadmin\/templates\/banana\/documents\/WGs_outputs\/WG03_FoA_CB_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  26: '\u201cList of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.\u201d U.S. Department of Labor. 2016. Retrieved from https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181215120355\/https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181215120355\/https:\/\/www.dol.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/ilab\/reports\/child-labor\/findings\/TVPRA_Report2016.pdf <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181215120355\/https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181215120355\/https:\/\/www.dol.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/ilab\/reports\/child-labor\/findings\/TVPRA_Report2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  27: 'Cooper, Anna. \u201cWomen in the Banana Export Industry: Regional Report on Latin America.\u201d Banana Link, May 2015. Retrieved from https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190721133659\/http:\/\/bananalink.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/ENG_Latin%20America%20report_FAO%20Gender%20research%202015.pdf <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190721133659\/http:\/\/bananalink.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/ENG_Latin%20America%20report_FAO%20Gender%20research%202015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  28: 'Weatherston, Jamie. (2009) \u201cBanana Wars.\u201d Retrieved from Encyclopedia of Business in Today\u2019s World',\n  29: 'Porter, Edward. (2009) \u201cBanana Wars.\u201d <em>The New York Times<\/em>, December 28, 2009. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/12\/29\/opinion\/29tue4.html <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/12\/29\/opinion\/29tue4.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  30: 'Wilkinson, C., Brodie, J. (2011). \u201cCatchment Management and Coral Reef Conservation...\u201d Retrieved from https:\/\/tamug-ir.tdl.org\/tamug-ir\/bitstream\/handle\/1969.3\/29190\/CatchmentManagement.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y <a href=\"https:\/\/tamug-ir.tdl.org\/tamug-ir\/bitstream\/handle\/1969.3\/29190\/CatchmentManagement.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  31: 'Kamal, Ibtisam. (2015). \u201cTransformation of Refuse Banana Wastes to Value-Added Products.\u201d ResearchGate, August 2015. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/281098893_Transformation_of_Refuse_Banana_Wastes_to_Value-Added_Products <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/281098893_Transformation_of_Refuse_Banana_Wastes_to_Value-Added_Products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  32: '\u201cChiquita Lawsuits.\u201d Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. (2018). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.business-humanrights.org\/en\/chiquita-lawsuits-re-colombia#c122150 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-humanrights.org\/en\/chiquita-lawsuits-re-colombia#c122150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>',\n  33: 'Musgrave, Jane. (2018). \u201cChiquita settles suits with families of slain missionaries, geologist.\u201d <em>Palm Beach Post<\/em>, February 5, 2018. Retrieved from https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180927083953\/https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180927083953\/https:\/\/www.palmbeachpost.com\/news\/crime\u2013law\/chiquita-settles-suits-with-families-slain-missionaries-geologist\/4XnFIYk9Zm09qfglFvpicJ\/ <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180927083953\/https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180927083953\/https:\/\/www.palmbeachpost.com\/news\/crime\u2013law\/chiquita-settles-suits-with-families-slain-missionaries-geologist\/4XnFIYk9Zm09qfglFvpicJ\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Link<\/a>'\n};\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pablo Mera, Worker, Harvesting bananas at the plantation of Vincente Matute, a member of El Guabo, a fair trade banana cooperative of Ecuador. \u00a9 Eric St-Pierre A descascarar la verdad sobre los bananos Por cortes\u00eda de Equal Exchange El banano es la fruta m\u00e1s popular en los Estados Unidos, y su consumo anual supera al [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10501,"parent":6264,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"ocean_front_end_style_editor":"no","ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5734","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","entry","has-media"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- 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